Measuring access network performance for a multi-access data connection

ABSTRACT

Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for measuring access network performance (“ANP”) parameters for a multi-access data connection. One apparatus includes a transceiver that communicate with at least one function in a mobile communication network and a processor coupled to the transceiver. The processor is configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from a network function, a policy request message indicating a remote unit requesting a multi-access data supports access network performance measurements; derive at least one traffic steering rule that contains an ANP parameter; determine measurement assistance information for the remote unit in response to the at least one traffic steering rule that contains an ANP parameter; and return the at least one traffic steering rule that contains an ANP parameter and the measurement assistance information in response to the policy request message.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/754,098 entitled “MEASURING ACCESS NETWORK PERFORMANCE FOR AMULTI-ACCESS DATA CONNECTION” and filed on Apr. 6, 2020 for ApostolisSalkintzis, which is incorporated herein by reference. U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/754,098 is a national stage filing claimspriority to International Patent Application Number PCT/EP2018/063313entitled “MEASURING ACCESS NETWORK PERFORMANCE FOR A MULTI-ACCESS DATACONNECTION” and filed on May 22, 2018 for Apostolis Salkintzis, whichapplication is also incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The subject matter disclosed herein relates generally to wirelesscommunications and more particularly relates to measuring access networkperformance parameters for a multi-access data connection.

BACKGROUND

The following abbreviations and acronyms are herewith defined, at leastsome of which are referred to within the following description.

Third Generation Partnership Project (“3GPP”), Access and MobilityManagement Function (“AMF”), Access Network Performance (“ANP”), AccessPoint Name (“APN”), Access Stratum (“AS”), Carrier Aggregation (“CA”),Clear Channel Assessment (“CCA”), Control Channel Element (“CCE”),Channel State Information (“CSI”), Common Search Space (“CSS”), DataNetwork Name (“DNN”), Data Radio Bearer (“DRB”), Downlink ControlInformation (“DCI”), Downlink (“DL”), Enhanced Clear Channel Assessment(“eCCA”), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (“eMBB”), Evolved Node-B (“eNB”),Evolved Packet Core (“EPC”), Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (“E-UTRAN”), European Telecommunications Standards Institute(“ETSI”), Frame Based Equipment (“FBE”), Frequency Division Duplex(“FDD”), Frequency Division Multiple Access (“FDMA”), Globally UniqueTemporary UE Identity (“GUTI”), Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request(“HARQ”), Home Subscriber Server (“HSS”), Internet-of-Things (“IoT”),Key Performance Indicators (“KPI”), Licensed Assisted Access (“LAA”),Load Based Equipment (“LBE”), Listen-Before-Talk (“LBT”), Long TermEvolution (“LTE”), LTE Advanced (“LTE-A”), Medium Access Control(“MAC”), Multiple Access (“MA”), Modulation Coding Scheme (“MCS”),Machine Type Communication (“MTC”), Massive MTC (“mMTC”), MobilityManagement (“MM”), Mobility Management Entity (“MIME”), Multiple InputMultiple Output (“MIMO”), Multipath TCP (“MPTCP”), Multi User SharedAccess (“MUSA”), Non-Access Stratum (“NAS”), Narrowband (“NB”), NetworkFunction (“NF”), Next Generation (e.g., 5G) Node-B (“gNB”), NextGeneration Radio Access Network (“NG-RAN”), New Radio (“NR”), PolicyControl & Charging (“PCC”), Policy Control Function (“PCF”), PolicyControl and Charging Rules Function (“PCRF”), Packet Data Network(“PDN”), Packet Data Unit (“PDU”), PDN Gateway (“PGW”), Quality ofService (“QoS”), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (“QPSK”), Radio AccessNetwork (“RAN”), Radio Access Technology (“RAT”), Radio Resource Control(“RRC”), Receive (“RX”), Switching/Splitting Function (“SSF”),Scheduling Request (“SR”), Serving Gateway (“SGW”), Session ManagementFunction (“SMF”), System Information Block (“SIB”), Transport Block(“TB”), Transport Block Size (“TBS”), Time-Division Duplex (“TDD”), TimeDivision Multiplex (“TDM”), Transmission and Reception Point (“TRP”),Transmit (“TX”), Uplink Control Information (“UCI”), Unified DataManagement (“UDM”), User Entity/Equipment (Mobile Terminal) (“UE”),Uplink (“UL”), User Plane (“UP”), Universal Mobile TelecommunicationsSystem (“UMTS”), Ultra-reliability and Low-latency Communications(“URLLC”), and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access(“WiMAX”).

In wireless communication systems, a 5G-capable UE may request theestablishment of a Multi-Access PDU (MA-PDU) session, i.e. of a dataconnection that connects the UE and a Data Network (DN) via the mobilecommunication network and which is composed of two user-plane paths,each one using a different access network type. However, it is notspecified how such a UE can use performance parameters of the user-planepaths to effectively route traffic.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Methods for measuring access network performance (“ANP”) parameters fora multi-access data connection are disclosed. Apparatuses and systemsalso perform the functions of the methods. One method (e.g., of a userequipment) includes establishing, at a remote unit, a multi-access dataconnection with a mobile communication network over a first accessnetwork and a second access network. The method includes receivingmeasurement assistance information. The method includes measuring, atthe remote unit, at least one ANP parameter using the measurementassistance information. The method also includes applying, at the remoteunit, a traffic steering rule to uplink data traffic. Here, the trafficsteering rule indicates to which of the first and second access networksthe uplink data traffic is to be routed based on the measured at leastone ANP parameter.

Another method (e.g., of a network function, such as a policy controlfunction) for measuring ANP parameters for a multi-access dataconnection includes receiving, from a network function, a policy requestmessage in response to a remote unit requesting a multi-access dataconnection with a mobile communication network over a first accessnetwork and a second access network, the policy request messageindicating the remote unit supports access network performancemeasurements. The method includes deriving at least one traffic steeringrule that contains an ANP parameter, the traffic steering ruleindicating to which of the first and second access networks data trafficof the multi-access data connection is to be routed according to ameasure value of the ANP parameter. The method includes determiningmeasurement assistance information for the remote unit in response tothe at least one traffic steering rule that contains an ANP parameter.The method also includes returning the at least one traffic steeringrule that contains an ANP parameter and the measurement assistanceinformation in response to the policy request message.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more particular description of the embodiments briefly described abovewill be rendered by reference to specific embodiments that areillustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawingsdepict only some embodiments and are not therefore to be considered tobe limiting of scope, the embodiments will be described and explainedwith additional specificity and detail through the use of theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of awireless communication system for measuring access network performanceparameters for a multi-access data connection;

FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating a first embodiment of a networkarchitecture for measuring access network performance parameters for amulti-access data connection;

FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating a second embodiment of a networkarchitecture for measuring access network performance parameters for amulti-access data connection;

FIG. 2C is a block diagram illustrating a third embodiment of a networkarchitecture for measuring access network performance parameters for amulti-access data connection;

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of auser equipment apparatus for measuring access network performanceparameters for a multi-access data connection;

FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of anetwork apparatus for measuring access network performance parametersfor a multi-access data connection;

FIG. 5A is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a procedurefor measuring access network performance parameters of a multi-accessdata connection;

FIG. 5B is a block diagram is a continuation of the procedure of FIG.5A;

FIG. 5C is a block diagram is a continuation of the procedure of FIG.5B;

FIG. 6A is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of aprocedure for measuring access network performance parameters of amulti-access data connection;

FIG. 6B is a block diagram is a continuation of the procedure of FIG.6A;

FIG. 7 is a flow chart diagram illustrating one embodiment of a methodfor measuring access network performance parameters for a multi-accessdata connection; and

FIG. 8 is a flow chart diagram illustrating another embodiment of amethod for measuring access network performance parameters for amulti-access data connection.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of theembodiments may be embodied as a system, apparatus, method, or programproduct. Accordingly, embodiments may take the form of an entirelyhardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (includingfirmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodimentcombining software and hardware aspects.

For example, the disclosed embodiments may be implemented as a hardwarecircuit comprising custom very-large-scale integration (“VLSI”) circuitsor gate arrays, off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips,transistors, or other discrete components. The disclosed embodiments mayalso be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as fieldprogrammable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logicdevices, or the like. As another example, the disclosed embodiments mayinclude one or more physical or logical blocks of executable code whichmay, for instance, be organized as an object, procedure, or function.

Furthermore, embodiments may take the form of a program product embodiedin one or more computer readable storage devices storing machinereadable code, computer readable code, and/or program code, referredhereafter as code. The storage devices may be tangible, non-transitory,and/or non-transmission. The storage devices may not embody signals. Ina certain embodiment, the storage devices only employ signals foraccessing code.

Any combination of one or more computer readable medium may be utilized.The computer readable medium may be a computer readable storage medium.The computer readable storage medium may be a storage device storing thecode. The storage device may be, for example, but not limited to, anelectronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, holographic,micromechanical, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or anysuitable combination of the foregoing.

More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the storage devicewould include the following: an electrical connection having one or morewires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random-access memory(“RAM”), a read-only memory (“ROM”), an erasable programmable read-onlymemory (“EPROM” or Flash memory), a portable compact disc read-onlymemory (“CD-ROM”), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device,or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of thisdocument, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible mediumthat can contain, or store, a program for use by or in connection withan instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “anembodiment,” or similar language means that a particular feature,structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodimentis included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases“in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” and similar language throughoutthis specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the sameembodiment, but mean “one or more but not all embodiments” unlessexpressly specified otherwise. The terms “including,” “comprising,”“having,” and variations thereof mean “including but not limited to,”unless expressly specified otherwise. An enumerated listing of itemsdoes not imply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive,unless expressly specified otherwise. The terms “a,” “an,” and “the”also refer to “one or more” unless expressly specified otherwise.

Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics ofthe embodiments may be combined in any suitable manner. In the followingdescription, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples ofprogramming, software modules, user selections, network transactions,database queries, database structures, hardware modules, hardwarecircuits, hardware chips, etc., to provide a thorough understanding ofembodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however,that embodiments may be practiced without one or more of the specificdetails, or with other methods, components, materials, and so forth. Inother instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are notshown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of anembodiment.

Aspects of the embodiments are described below with reference toschematic flowchart diagrams and/or schematic block diagrams of methods,apparatuses, systems, and program products according to embodiments. Itwill be understood that each block of the schematic flowchart diagramsand/or schematic block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theschematic flowchart diagrams and/or schematic block diagrams, can beimplemented by code. This code may be provided to a processor of ageneral-purpose computer, special purpose computer, or otherprogrammable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such thatthe instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer orother programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the schematic flowchartdiagrams and/or schematic block diagrams.

The code may also be stored in a storage device that can direct acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devicesto function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored inthe storage device produce an article of manufacture includinginstructions which implement the function/act specified in the schematicflowchart diagrams and/or schematic block diagrams.

The code may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable dataprocessing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operationalsteps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus, orother devices to produce a computer implemented process such that thecode which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatusprovide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in theschematic flowchart diagrams and/or schematic block diagram.

The schematic flowchart diagrams and/or schematic block diagrams in theFigures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation ofpossible implementations of apparatuses, systems, methods, and programproducts according to various embodiments. In this regard, each block inthe schematic flowchart diagrams and/or schematic block diagrams mayrepresent a module, segment, or portion of code, which includes one ormore executable instructions of the code for implementing the specifiedlogical function(s).

It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, thefunctions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in theFigures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, beexecuted substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes beexecuted in the reverse order, depending upon the functionalityinvolved. Other steps and methods may be conceived that are equivalentin function, logic, or effect to one or more blocks, or portionsthereof, of the illustrated Figures.

The description of elements in each figure may refer to elements ofproceeding figures. Like numbers refer to like elements in all figures,including alternate embodiments of like elements.

Methods, apparatuses, and systems are disclosed that enables a UE, afterestablishing a MA-PDU session, to estimate the access networkperformance (“ANP”) parameters, such as Throughput, Delay, and LossRate, on both 3GPP and non-3GPP access networks. Here, the UE performsmeasurements to estimate the ANP parameters. Additionally, the UE mayapply steering rules for the MA-PDU session that depend on the estimatedparameters. For example, the UE may apply the steering rule: “Routetraffic with destination 10.10.1.2 to the access with the highestThroughput” based on the estimated ANP parameters.

FIG. 1 depicts a wireless communication system 100 for measuring accessnetwork performance parameters for a multi-access data connection,according to embodiments of the disclosure. In one embodiment, thewireless communication system 100 includes at least one remote unit 105,a 3GPP access network 120 containing at least one cellular base unit121, 3GPP communication links 123, a non-3GPP access network 130containing at least one access point 131, non-3GPP communication links133, and a mobile core network 140. Even though a specific number ofremote units 105, 3GPP access networks 120, cellular base units 121,3GPP communication links 123, non-3GPP access networks 130, accesspoints 131, non-3GPP communication links 133, and mobile core networks140 are depicted in FIG. 1, one of skill in the art will recognize thatany number of remote units 105, 3GPP access networks 120, cellular baseunits 121, 3GPP communication links 123, non-3GPP access networks 130,access points 131, non-3GPP communication links 133, and mobile corenetworks 140 may be included in the wireless communication system 100.

In one implementation, the wireless communication system 100 iscompliant with the 5G system specified in the 3GPP specifications. Moregenerally, however, the wireless communication system 100 may implementsome other open or proprietary communication network, for example, LTEor WiMAX, among other networks. The present disclosure is not intendedto be limited to the implementation of any particular wirelesscommunication system architecture or protocol.

In one embodiment, the remote units 105 may include computing devices,such as desktop computers, laptop computers, personal digital assistants(“PDAs”), tablet computers, smart phones, smart televisions (e.g.,televisions connected to the Internet), smart appliances (e.g.,appliances connected to the Internet), set-top boxes, game consoles,security systems (including security cameras), vehicle on-boardcomputers, network devices (e.g., routers, switches, modems), or thelike. In some embodiments, the remote units 105 include wearabledevices, such as smart watches, fitness bands, optical head-mounteddisplays, or the like. Moreover, the remote units 105 may be referred toas subscriber units, mobiles, mobile stations, users, terminals, mobileterminals, fixed terminals, subscriber stations, UE, user terminals, adevice, or by other terminology used in the art. The remote units 105may communicate directly with one or more of the cellular base units 121via uplink (“UL”) and downlink (“DL”) communication signals.Furthermore, the UL and DL communication signals may be carried over the3GPP communication links 123. Similarly, the remote units 105 maycommunicate with one or more access points 131 in non-3GPP accessnetworks 130 via UL and DL communication signals carried over thenon-3GPP communication links 133.

In some embodiments, the remote units 105 communicate with a remote host155 via a network connection with the mobile core network 140. Forexample, a remote unit 105 may establish a PDU session (or other dataconnection) with the mobile core network 140 using a 3GPP access network120 and/or a non-3GPP access network 130. The mobile core network 140then relays traffic between the remote unit 105 and the data network 150(e.g., a remote host 155 in the data network 150) using the PDU session.As discussed in further detail below, the PDU session may be amultiple-access PDU (“MA-PDU”) session having user-plane connections(e.g., paths) via both the 3GPP access network 120 and the non-3GPPaccess network 130.

The cellular base units 121 may be distributed over a geographic region.In certain embodiments, a cellular base unit 121 may also be referred toas an access terminal, a base, a base station, a Node-B, an eNB, a gNB,a Home Node-B, a relay node, a device, or by any other terminology usedin the art. The cellular base units 121 are generally part of a radioaccess network (“RAN”), such as the 3GPP access network 120, that mayinclude one or more controllers communicably coupled to one or morecorresponding cellular base units 121. These and other elements of radioaccess network are not illustrated but are well known generally by thosehaving ordinary skill in the art. The cellular base units 121 connect tothe mobile core network 140 via the 3GPP access network 120.

The cellular base units 121 may serve a number of remote units 105within a serving area, for example, a cell or a cell sector, via awireless communication link 123. The cellular base units 121 maycommunicate directly with one or more of the remote units 105 viacommunication signals. Generally, the cellular base units 121 transmitDL communication signals to serve the remote units 105 in the time,frequency, and/or spatial domain. Furthermore, the DL communicationsignals may be carried over the 3GPP communication links 123. The 3GPPcommunication links 123 may be any suitable carrier in licensed orunlicensed radio spectrum. The 3GPP communication links 123 facilitatecommunication between one or more of the remote units 105 and/or one ormore of the cellular base units 121.

The non-3GPP access networks 130 also may be distributed over ageographic region. Each non-3GPP access network 130 may serve a numberof remote units 105 with a serving area. Typically, the serving area ofthe non-3GPP access network 130 is smaller than the serving area of acellular base unit 121. An access point 131 in a non-3GPP access network130 may communicate directly with one or more remote units 105 byreceiving UL communication signals and transmitting DL communicationsignals to serve the remote units 105 in the time, frequency, and/orspatial domain. Both DL and UL communication signals are carried overthe non-3GPP communication links 133. In certain embodiments, the 3GPPcommunication links 123 and non-3GPP communication links 133 may employdifferent frequencies and/or different communication protocols. Invarious embodiments, an access point 131 may communicate usingunlicensed radio spectrum. The mobile core network 140 may provideservices to a remote unit 105 via the non-3GPP access networks 130, asdescribed in greater detail herein.

In some embodiments, a non-3GPP access network 130 connects to themobile core network 140 via a non-3GPP interworking function (“N3IWF”)135. The N3IWF 135 provides interworking between a non-3GPP accessnetwork 130 and the mobile core network 140, supporting connectivity viathe “N2” and “N3” interfaces. As depicted, both the 3GPP access network120 and the N3IWF 135 communicate with the AMF 145 using a “N2”interface and with the UPFs 141, 142 using a “N3” interface.

In certain embodiments, a non-3GPP access network 130 may be controlledby an operator of the mobile core network 140 and may have direct accessto the mobile core network 140. Such a non-3GPP AN deployment isreferred to as a “trusted non-3GPP access network.” A non-3GPP accessnetwork 130 is considered as “trusted” when it is operated by the 3GPPoperator, or a trusted partner, and supports certain security features,such as strong air-interface encryption. While the N3IWF 135 is depictedas being located outside both the non-3GPP access network 130 and themobile core network 140, in other embodiments the N3IWF 135 may beco-located with the non-3GPP access network 130 (e.g., if the non-3GPPaccess network 130 is a trusted non-3GPP access network) or locatedwithin the mobile core network 140.

In one embodiment, the mobile core network 140 is a 5G core (“5GC”) orthe evolved packet core (“EPC”), which may be coupled to a data network150, like the Internet and private data networks, among other datanetworks. A remote unit 105 may have a subscription or other accountwith the mobile core network 140. Here, each mobile core network 140belongs to a single public land mobile network (“PLMN”). The presentdisclosure is not intended to be limited to the implementation of anyparticular wireless communication system architecture or protocol.

The mobile core network 140 includes several network functions (“NFs”).As depicted, the mobile core network 140 includes one or more user planefunctions (“UPFs”). In certain embodiments, the mobile core network 140includes a first UPF (“UPF-1”) 141 that serves a 3GPP access network120, a second UPF 142 (“UPF-2”) that serves a non-3GPP access network130, and an anchor UPF (“UPF-A”) 143. In other embodiments, the 3GPPaccess network 120 and non-3GPP access network 130 may connect directlyto the UPF-A 143 (e.g., without the need for the UPF-1 141 and UPF-2142.

The mobile core network 140 also includes multiple control planefunctions including, but not limited to, an Access and MobilityManagement Function (“AMF”) 145, a Session Management Function (“SMF”)146, a Policy Control Function (“PCF”) 148, and a Unified DataManagement function (“UDM”) 149. Although specific numbers and types ofnetwork functions are depicted in FIG. 1, one of skill in the art willrecognize that any number and type of network functions may be includedin the mobile core network 140.

Moreover, the wireless communication system 100 includes a PerformanceMeasurement Function (“PMF”) 147. The PMF 147 is a user-plane NF used toassist the remote unit 105 in determining (e.g., estimating) the ANPparameters for each access (e.g., each of the 3GPP access network 120and non-3GPP access network 130). In the depicted embodiment, the PMF147 is a network function within the mobile core network 140. In certainembodiments, the PMF 147 may be implemented in a UPF, such as the UPF-A143. However, in other embodiments the PMF 147 standalone functionlocated outside the mobile core network 140. For example, the PMF 147may be part of the data network 150 in some deployments. In otherdeployments the PMF 147 may be outside the data network 150, at alocation where the remote unit 105 may establish, e.g., IP communicationwith the PMF.

As depicted, a remote unit 105 may be connected to both a cellular baseunit 121 in a 3GPP access network 120 and an access point 131 in anon-3GPP access network 130. The remote unit 105 may establish a dataconnection over both the 3GPP access network 120 and the non-3GPP accessnetwork 130, thus establishing a multi-access data connection. Here, themulti-access data connection includes a first user-plane connection viathe 3GPP access network 120 and a second user-plane connection via thenon-3GPP access network 130.

When establishing the multi-access data connection, the remote unit 105may receive a set of traffic steering rules (e.g., ATSSS rules), some ofwhich may refer to a specific ANP parameter. Here, the traffic steeringrules may be specific to a data network (e.g., an endpoint of themulti-access data connection), specific to a remote unit 105 (e.g.,based on a subscription and/or on a roaming status of the remote unit105), specific to a combination of data network and remote unit 105, orthe like. Examples of ATSSS rules involving ANP parameters include:“Route traffic of App-A to the access with the smallest Loss Rate”,“Route IMS voice traffic to the access with the smallest Delay”, “Routetraffic of App-B to 3GPP access, if Delay over 3GPP access is less than40 ms”, and “Route traffic of App-C to non-3GPP access, if Throughputover non-3GPP access is greater than 1 Mbps”. The remote unit 105 alsoreceives measurement assistance information, for example as part of aMeasurement Assistance policy. The Measurement Assistance policyincludes a set of Measurement Assistance policy rules. For example, aMeasurement Assistance policy rule may indicate “Measure the Throughputon 3GPP access every 5 min by using the following parameters: PMFaddress=10.10.10.1, PMF port=5201, protocol=UDP, duration=5 s, maxbytes=5MBytes”.

In some embodiments, the remote unit 105 may initiate a measurementsession with the PMF 147 over each access (e.g., each of the 3GPP accessnetwork 120 and non-3GPP access network 130) in order to estimate theANP parameters for each access. In one embodiment, the ANP parametersinclude one or more of: Throughput (e.g., an amount of data passingthrough the path of the PDU session over the access network), Delay(e.g., an amount of time it takes to communicate data over the path),and Loss Rate (e.g., a rate of data unsuccessfully communicated over thepath). In certain embodiments, Jitter (e.g., a delay variance), or otherperformance parameters may be measured.

The remote unit 105 utilizes the information in the received MeasurementAssistance policy to determine the address/port of PMF and other detailsrequired for the measurement session, e.g. the protocol to use, themaximum number of bytes to transmit, etc. Additionally, the remote unit105 applies the ATSSS rules after performing a measurement session toestimate the ANP parameters on each access. As noted above, the ATSSSrules indicate which access leg of the MA-PDU session uplink traffic isto be routed.

As used herein, a PDU session refers to a network connection in thewireless communication system 100 established by the remote unit 105. APDU session is a logical connection between the remote unit 105 and adata network, such as the data network 150. A remote unit 105 may havemultiple PDU sessions at a time. Each PDU session is distinguishable bya unique combination of Data Network Name (“DNN”), Session and ServiceContinuity (“SSC”) mode, and/or network slice identifier (e.g.,S-NSSAI). In various embodiments, each PDU session is associated with adifferent IP address. Note however, that a MA-PDU session has a singleIP address even though there are multiple user-plane connections to themobile core network 140.

To steer traffic on a multi-access data connection, the remote unit 105is configured, e.g., by the mobile core network 140, with a set oftraffic steering rules, forming a steering policy 110 for themulti-access data connection. In one embodiment, the steering policy 110(also referred to as an Access Traffic Steering, Switching and Splitting(“ATSSS”) policy) is received during establishment of the multi-accessdata connection, for example in a PDU establishment accept message. Notethat the Measurement Assistance policy may also be received in the PDUestablishment accept message.

For each data flow using the multi-access data connection, the remoteunit 105 identifies an applicable traffic steering rule and routes thetraffic to a specific user-plane connection based on the applicabletraffic steering rule. In various embodiments, the set of trafficsteering rules is a prioritized list of rules also having a default rule(e.g., a lowest-priority rule). Traffic steering rules are examined inpriority order. In some embodiments, each traffic steering rule has atraffic filter used to determine whether the rule is applicable to adata packet (e.g., of the data flow) to be sent on the multi-access dataconnection. A data packet matches a traffic steering rule if theinformation in the data packet (e.g. protocol, port number, etc.)matches with the corresponding information in the traffic filter of therule.

FIG. 2A depicts a first network architecture 200 used for measuringaccess network performance parameters for a multi-access dataconnection, according to embodiments of the disclosure. The firstnetwork architecture 200 may be a simplified embodiment of the wirelesscommunication system 100. As depicted, the first network architecture200 includes a UE 205 that communicates with a UPF 225 in a 5G corenetwork (“5GC”) 210 via both a 5G RAN 215 and a Non-3GPP Access Network220, such as a WLAN. Here, the US 205 has established a multi-accessdata connection with the 5GC 210 having a first user-plane connection(e.g., child PDU session) over the 5G RAN 215 and a second user-planeconnection over the Non-3GPP Access Network 220. The two user-planeconnections share the same IP address and compose a multi-link dataconnection between the UE 205 and the UPF 225.

The UE 205 may be one embodiment of the remote unit 105 and the 5GC 210may be one embodiment of the mobile core network 140, described above.The 5G RAN 215 is one embodiment of the 3GPP access network 120 and theNon-3GPP Access Network 220 is one embodiment of the non-3GPP accessnetwork 130, described above. The mobile communication network 210 isone embodiment of the mobile core network 140, described above, andincludes a UPF 225, a SMF 230, a PCF 235, and an AMF 240. The UE 205 andthe PCF 235 have connections to the PMF 245 for measuring ANPparameters, as described herein. The PMF 245 may be one embodiment ofthe PMF 147, described above with reference to FIG. 1. While FIG. 2Ashows the PMF 245 at a location outside the data network 150, in otherdeployments the PMF 245 may be a part of the 5GC 210 or the data network150.

In certain embodiments, the Non-3GPP Access Network 220 accesses themobile communication network via the N3IWF 135 (not shown here), whichmay be co-located with the Non-3GPP Access Network 220, located in themobile core network, or located outside both the Non-3GPP Access Network220 and the mobile core network, as described above. The N3IWF 135communicates with the AMF 240 via an “N2” interface and with the secondUPF 142 via an “N3” interface. The 5G RAN 215 communicates with the AMF240 via an “N2” interface and with the UPF 225 via an “N3” interface.

FIG. 2A shows the PMF 245 being implemented as a standalone function.The UE 205 may communicate with the PMF 245 over the user plane, usingeither 5G RAN 215 (e.g., 3GPP access) or Non-3GPP Access Network 220.The Npmf is a logical interface between the UE 205 and PMF 245, hereemploying IP transport. The protocols running over Npmf are used tosupport measurement sessions between the UE 205 and PMF 245, and tomeasure ANP parameters such as Throughput, Delay and Loss Rate. Incertain embodiments, the communication between the UE 205 and PMF 245over Npmf used to measure ANP parameters may be based on existing toolsthat can measure ANP parameters, such as the iPerf tool. In otherembodiments, proprietary tools may be used to measure the ANPparameters.

During the MA-PDU session establishment, the UE 205 is provided with aMeasurement Assistance policy, which is created by PCF 235 and defineshow the UE 205 is to measure certain parameters on the 3GPP and non-3GPPaccesses (e.g., the 5G RAN 215 and Non-3GPP Access Network 220),including the Throughput, the Delay and the Loss Rate. These parametersare referred to as “Access Network Performance” (ANP) parameters.

In various embodiments, the Measurement Assistance policy received bythe UE 205 may indicate one or more of: the IP address and port of anetwork function with which the UE can initiate measurement sessions(e.g., the IP address and port of the PMF 245; note that in certainembodiments the PMF 245 may be a part of the UPF 225), the protocol touse for the measurements (e.g. UDP, TCP, etc.), the maximum durationand/or the maximum number of bytes to transmit during a measurementsession, and how frequently the UE should attempt to initiate ameasurement session on a specific access. After establishing the MA-PDUsession, the UE 205 employs the received Measurement Assistance policyto initiate measurement sessions with the PMF 245 and to determine theANP parameters of the 5G RAN 215 and Non-3GPP Access Network 220 (e.g.,the 3GPP and non-3GPP accesses).

During the MA-PDU session establishment, the UE 205 is also providedwith ATSSS rules that determine how the uplink traffic of the MA-PDUsession is to be distributed across the 5G RAN 215 and Non-3GPP AccessNetwork 220 (e.g., the 3GPP and non-3GPP accesses). As mentioned, anATSSS rule may refer to specific ANP parameters (i.e. Delay, Throughputand Loss Rate). The UE 205 applies the ATSSS rules after performing ameasurement session to estimate the ANP parameters on each access.

In various embodiments, a measurement session over 3GPP (or non-3GPP)access may be initiated by the UE 205 when there is no PDU sessiontraffic to send over 3GPP (or non-3GPP) access. This way, themeasurement traffic does not interfere with and does not impact the PDUsession traffic. In certain embodiments, the measurement traffic betweenthe UE 205 and PMF 245 is not charged. Here, the PCF 235 may createappropriate PCC rules for the measurement traffic.

Moreover, Packet Detection Rules (PDRs) are provided to the UPF 225,which may also refer to specific ANP parameters. The PDRs are used bythe UPF 225 to determine how the downlink traffic of the MA-PDU sessionis to be distributed across the 3GPP and non-3GPP accesses (here, the 5GRAN 215 and Non-3GPP Access Network 220). In the first networkarchitecture 200, the PMF 245 sends the relevant ANP parameters to thePCF 235, which passes them to the SMF 230, which in turn forwards themto the UPF 225.

FIG. 2B depicts a second network architecture 250 used for measuringaccess network performance parameters for a multi-access dataconnection, according to embodiments of the disclosure. The secondnetwork architecture 250 may be a simplified embodiment of the wirelesscommunication system 100. As depicted, the second network architecture250 also includes a UE 205 that communicates with a UPF 225 in a 5G corenetwork (“5GC”) 210 via both a 5G RAN 215 and a Non-3GPP Access Network220, such as a WLAN. Here, the UE 205 has established a multi-accessdata connection with the 5GC 210 having a first user-plane connection(e.g., child PDU session) over the 5G RAN 215 and a second user-planeconnection over the Non-3GPP Access Network 220. The two user-planeconnections share the same IP address and compose a multi-link dataconnection between the UE 205 and the UPF 225.

In the second network architecture 250, the SMF 230 interacts with thePMF 245 via a new interface, labeled here as “Nx”. The UE 205 and theSMF 230 have connections to the PMF 245, as described herein. Note thatthe second network architecture 250 does not require a “N5” interfacebetween the PCF 235 and PMF 245. While FIG. 2B shows the PMF 245 beingimplemented as a standalone function at a location outside the datanetwork 150, in other deployments the PMF 245 may be a part of the 5GC210 or the data network 150.

The UE 205 may communicate with the PMF 245 over the user plane, usingeither 5G RAN 215 (e.g., 3GPP access) or Non-3GPP Access Network 220.Again, the Npmf interface is used to support measurement sessionsbetween the UE 205 and PMF 245, and to measure ANP parameters such asThroughput, Delay and Loss Rate. The UE 205 is configured with aMeasurement Assistance policy, created by SMF 230, which defines how theUE 205 is to measure certain parameters on the 3GPP and non-3GPPaccesses.

After establishing the MA-PDU session, the UE 205 employs the receivedMeasurement Assistance policy to initiate measurement sessions with thePMF 245 and to determine the ANP parameters of the 5G RAN 215 andNon-3GPP Access Network 220 (e.g., the 3GPP and non-3GPP accesses). Asmentioned, the UE 205 applies the ATSSS rules after performing ameasurement session to estimate the ANP parameters on each access.

Moreover, Packet Detection Rules (PDRs) are provided to the UPF 225,which may also refer to specific ANP parameters. The PDRs are used bythe UPF 225 to determine how the downlink traffic of the MA-PDU sessionis to be distributed across the 3GPP and non-3GPP accesses (here, the 5GRAN 215 and Non-3GPP Access Network 220). In the second networkarchitecture 250, the PMF 245 sends the relevant ANP parameters to theSMF 230 which forwards them to the UPF 225.

FIG. 2C depicts a third network architecture 255 used for measuringaccess network performance parameters for a multi-access dataconnection, according to embodiments of the disclosure. The thirdnetwork architecture 255 may be a simplified embodiment of the wirelesscommunication system 100. As depicted, the third network architecture255 also includes a UE 205 that communicates with a UPF 225 in a 5G corenetwork (“5GC”) 210 via both a 5G RAN 215 and a Non-3GPP Access Network220, such as a WLAN. Here, the UE 205 has established a multi-accessdata connection with the 5GC 210 having a first user-plane connection(e.g., child PDU session) over the 5G RAN 215 and a second user-planeconnection over the Non-3GPP Access Network 220. The two user-planeconnections share the same IP address and compose a multi-link dataconnection between the UE 205 and the UPF 225.

In third network architecture 255, the PMF is integrated into the UPF,shown here as the combined function “UPF+PMF” 260. Here, the SMF 230interacts with the PMF (e.g., the UPF+PMF 260) via the existing “N4”interface. Note that the third network architecture 255 does not requirea “N5” interface between the PCF 235 and PMF 245.

The UE 205 may communicate with the PMF (e.g., the UPF+PMF 260) over theuser plane, using either 5G RAN 215 (e.g., 3GPP access) or Non-3GPPAccess Network 220. Again, the Npmf interface is used to supportmeasurement sessions between the UE 205 and PMF, and to measure ANPparameters such as Throughput, Delay and Loss Rate. The UE 205 isconfigured with a Measurement Assistance policy, created by PCF 235,which defines how the UE 205 is to measure certain parameters on the3GPP and non-3GPP accesses.

After establishing the MA-PDU session, the UE 205 employs the receivedMeasurement Assistance policy to initiate measurement sessions with theUPF+PMF 260 and to determine the ANP parameters of the 5G RAN 215 andNon-3GPP Access Network 220 (e.g., the 3GPP and non-3GPP accesses). Asmentioned, the UE 205 applies the ATSSS rules after performing ameasurement session to estimate the ANP parameters on each access.

In the third network architecture 255, the PMF is able to send ANPparameters directly to the UPF (due to the PMF being collocated with theUPF) wherein the UPF applies one or more Packet Detection Rules (PDRs)using the relevant ANP parameters provided by the PMF.

FIG. 3 depicts one embodiment of a user equipment apparatus 300 that maybe used for measuring access network performance parameters for amulti-access data connection, according to embodiments of thedisclosure. The user equipment apparatus 300 may be one embodiment ofthe remote unit 105 and/or UE 205. Furthermore, the user equipmentapparatus 300 may include a processor 305, a memory 310, an input device315, an output device 320, and a transceiver 325.

In some embodiments, the input device 315 and the output device 320 arecombined into a single device, such as a touchscreen. In certainembodiments, the user equipment apparatus 300 may not include any inputdevice 315 and/or output device 320. In various embodiments, the userequipment apparatus 300 may include one or more of: the processor 305,the memory 310, and the transceiver 325, and may not include the inputdevice 315 and/or the output device 320.

As depicted, the transceiver 325 includes at least one transmitter 330and at least one receiver 335. In certain embodiments, transceiver 325may comprise a first transceiver that communicates with a mobilecommunication network (e.g., the mobile core network 140) over a firstaccess network, and a second transceiver that communicates with themobile communication network over a second access network. In oneembodiment, the first access network is the 5G RAN 215 or other 3GPPaccess network 120 and the second access network is the non-3GPP accessnetwork 220 or other non-3GPP access network 130. In another embodiment,the second access network is the 5G RAN 215 or other 3GPP access network120 and the first access network is the non-3GPP access network 220 orother non-3GPP access network 130. In other embodiments, the firstaccess network and second access network may be other types of accessnetworks, the first access network being a different type of accessnetwork than the second.

In some embodiments, the transceiver 325 communicates with one or morecells (or wireless coverage areas) supported by one or more base units121. In various embodiments, the transceiver 325 is operable onunlicensed spectrum. Moreover, the transceiver 325 may include multipleUE panels supporting one or more beams. Additionally, the transceiver325 may support at least one network interface 340 and/or applicationinterface 345. The application interface(s) 345 may support one or moreAPIs. The network interface(s) 340 may support 3GPP reference points,such as Uu, N1, PC5, etc. Other network interfaces 340 may be supported,as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The processor 305, in one embodiment, may include any known controllercapable of executing computer-readable instructions and/or capable ofperforming logical operations. For example, the processor 305 may be amicrocontroller, a microprocessor, a central processing unit (“CPU”), agraphics processing unit (“GPU”), an auxiliary processing unit, a fieldprogrammable gate array (“FPGA”), or similar programmable controller. Insome embodiments, the processor 305 executes instructions stored in thememory 310 to perform the methods and routines described herein. Theprocessor 305 is communicatively coupled to the memory 310, the inputdevice 315, the output device 320, the first transceiver 325, and thesecond transceiver 330.

In various embodiments, the processor 305 establishes a multi-accessdata connection, for example a MA-PDU, with a mobile communicationnetwork over a first access network (e.g., a 3GPP access network) and asecond access network (e.g., a non-3GPP access network). Moreover, theprocessor 305 receives measurement assistance information. In certainembodiments, establishing the multi-access data connection includes theuser equipment apparatus 300 transmitting a PDU session establishmentrequest containing an indication that the user equipment apparatus 300supports access network performance measurements. In such embodiments,receiving measurement assistance information may include receiving a PDUsession establishment accept message containing the measurementassistance information.

In other embodiments, the processor 305 transmits an indication that theuser equipment apparatus 300 supports access network performancemeasurements, said transmission included in a registration procedurewith the mobile communication network. In such embodiments, themeasurement assistance information may be received separately from thePDU session establishment accept message. In certain embodiments,receiving the measurement assistance information includes the processor305 receiving a Measurement Assistance policy. In such embodiments, theMeasurement Assistance policy includes one or more rules, each ruleindicating measurement assistance information for an access network.

In various embodiments, the measurement assistance information mayinclude one or more of: a network address of a PMF for measuring the atleast one ANP parameter, a port of the PMF for measuring the at leastone ANP parameter, an amount of data to transmit for measuring the atleast one ANP parameter (e.g., a maximum number of bytes to transmitduring a measurement session), a protocol for measuring the at least oneANP parameter (e.g., TCP, UDP, etc.), a measurement duration (e.g., amaximum duration or a measurement session), and a measurement interval(e.g., how frequently the user equipment apparatus 300 is to attempt toinitiate a measurement session on a specific access network). Note thatthe PMF may be a standalone function (as depicted in FIG. 1), or afunction inside the UPF (e.g., UPF-A 143).

In various embodiments, the at least one ANP parameter comprises atleast one of: a throughput on the first access network, an amount ofdelay on the first access network, a loss rate of the first accessnetwork, a throughput on the second access network, an amount of delayon the second access network, and a loss rate of the second accessnetwork.

The processor 305 measures at least one ANP parameter using themeasurement assistance information. In some embodiments, the processor305 detects data to be sent on one of the access networks of themulti-access data connection. In one embodiment, the processor 305 maysuspend measurement of at least one ANP parameter on the first accessnetwork in response to detecting data to be sent on the first accessnetwork of the multi-access data connection. In another embodiment, theprocessor 305 may suspend measurement of at least one ANP parameter onthe second access network in response to detecting data to be sent onthe multi-access data connection via the second access network.

In some embodiments, the processor 305 determines whether a transmissionbuffer is empty. The user equipment apparatus 300 includes at least afirst transmission buffer associated with one of the first accessnetwork and a second transmission buffer associated with the secondaccess network. In such embodiments, measuring the at least one ANPparameter includes measuring the at least one ANP parameter over one ofthe first access network and the second access network in response tothe corresponding transmission buffer being empty.

In some embodiments, the processor 305 receives a set of trafficsteering rules (e.g., ATSSS rules) from the mobile communicationnetwork, at least one rule in the set of traffic steering rulesincluding a particular ANP parameter. In such embodiments, measuring theat least one ANP parameter includes measuring only the particular ANPparameter. The processor 305 applies a traffic steering rule to uplinkdata traffic. Here, the traffic steering rule indicates to which of thefirst and second access networks the uplink data traffic is to be routedbased on the measured at least one ANP parameter.

The memory 310, in one embodiment, is a computer readable storagemedium. In some embodiments, the memory 310 includes volatile computerstorage media. For example, the memory 310 may include a RAM, includingdynamic RAM (“DRAM”), synchronous dynamic RAM (“SDRAM”), and/or staticRAM (“SRAM”). In some embodiments, the memory 310 includes non-volatilecomputer storage media. For example, the memory 310 may include a harddisk drive, a flash memory, or any other suitable non-volatile computerstorage device. In some embodiments, the memory 310 includes bothvolatile and non-volatile computer storage media. In some embodiments,the memory 310 stores data relating to measuring ANP parameters for amulti-access data connection, for example storing ANP parameters, accessmeasurement policies, ATSSS policies, PDU Session IDs, and the like. Incertain embodiments, the memory 310 also stores program code and relateddata, such as an operating system (“OS”) or other controller algorithmsoperating on the user equipment apparatus 300 and one or more softwareapplications.

The input device 315, in one embodiment, may include any known computerinput device including a touch panel, a button, a keyboard, a stylus, amicrophone, or the like. In some embodiments, the input device 315 maybe integrated with the output device 320, for example, as a touchscreenor similar touch-sensitive display. In some embodiments, the inputdevice 315 includes a touchscreen such that text may be input using avirtual keyboard displayed on the touchscreen and/or by handwriting onthe touchscreen. In some embodiments, the input device 315 includes twoor more different devices, such as a keyboard and a touch panel.

The output device 320, in one embodiment, may include any knownelectronically controllable display or display device. The output device320 may be designed to output visual, audible, and/or haptic signals. Insome embodiments, the output device 320 includes an electronic displaycapable of outputting visual data to a user. For example, the outputdevice 320 may include, but is not limited to, an LCD display, an LEDdisplay, an OLED display, a projector, or similar display device capableof outputting images, text, or the like to a user. As another,non-limiting, example, the output device 320 may include a wearabledisplay such as a smart watch, smart glasses, a heads-up display, or thelike. Further, the output device 320 may be a component of a smartphone, a personal digital assistant, a television, a table computer, anotebook (laptop) computer, a personal computer, a vehicle dashboard, orthe like.

In certain embodiments, the output device 320 includes one or morespeakers for producing sound. For example, the output device 320 mayproduce an audible alert or notification (e.g., a beep or chime). Insome embodiments, the output device 320 includes one or more hapticdevices for producing vibrations, motion, or other haptic feedback. Insome embodiments, all or portions of the output device 320 may beintegrated with the input device 315. For example, the input device 315and output device 320 may form a touchscreen or similar touch-sensitivedisplay. In other embodiments, all or portions of the output device 320may be located near the input device 315.

The transceiver 325 communicates with a mobile communication network viaa first access network and/or via a second access network. Thetransceiver 325 operates under the control of the processor 305 totransmit messages, data, and other signals and also to receive messages,data, and other signals. For example, the processor 305 may selectivelyactivate the transceiver 325 (or portions thereof) at particular timesin order to send and receive messages.

The transceiver 325 includes at least transmitter 330 and at least onereceiver 335. One or more transmitters 330 may be used to provide ULcommunication signals to a base unit 121, such as the UL transmissionsdescribed herein. Similarly, one or more receivers 335 may be used toreceive DL communication signals from the base unit 121, as describedherein. Although only one transmitter 330 and one receiver 335 areillustrated, the user equipment apparatus 300 may have any suitablenumber of transmitters 330 and receivers 335. Further, thetransmitter(s) 330 and the receiver(s) 335 may be any suitable type oftransmitters and receivers. In one embodiment, the transceiver 325includes a first transmitter/receiver pair used to communicate with amobile communication network over licensed radio spectrum and a secondtransmitter/receiver pair used to communicate with a mobilecommunication network over unlicensed radio spectrum.

In certain embodiments, the first transmitter/receiver pair used tocommunicate with a mobile communication network over licensed radiospectrum and the second transmitter/receiver pair used to communicatewith a mobile communication network over unlicensed radio spectrum maybe combined into a single transceiver unit, for example a single chipperforming functions for use with both licensed and unlicensed radiospectrum. In some embodiments, the first transmitter/receiver pair andthe second transmitter/receiver pair may share one or more hardwarecomponents. For example, certain transceivers 325, transmitters 330, andreceivers 335 may be implemented as physically separate components thataccess a shared hardware resource and/or software resource, such as forexample, the network interface 340.

In various embodiments, one or more transmitters 330 and/or one or morereceivers 335 may be implemented and/or integrated into a singlehardware component, such as a multi-transceiver chip, asystem-on-a-chip, an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (“ASIC”),or other type of hardware component. In certain embodiments, one or moretransmitters 330 and/or one or more receivers 335 may be implementedand/or integrated into a multi-chip module. In some embodiments, othercomponents such as the network interface 340 or other hardwarecomponents/circuits may be integrated with any number of transmitters330 and/or receivers 335 into a single chip. In such embodiment, thetransmitters 330 and receivers 335 may be logically configured as atransceiver 325 that uses one more common control signals or as modulartransmitters 330 and receivers 335 implemented in the same hardware chipor in a multi-chip module.

FIG. 4 depicts one embodiment of a network apparatus 400 that may beused for measuring access network performance parameters for amulti-access data connection, according to embodiments of thedisclosure. In some embodiments, the network apparatus 400 may be oneembodiment of the PCF 148 and/or PCF 235. In other embodiments, thenetwork apparatus 400 may be one embodiment of the SMF 146 and/or SMF230. In yet other embodiments, the network apparatus 400 may be a PMF(e.g., the PMF 147 and/or PMF 245) or a combined UPF/PMF (e.g., theUPF+PMF 260).

Furthermore, the network apparatus 400 may include a processor 405, amemory 410, an input device 415, an output device 420, and a transceiver425. In some embodiments, the input device 415 and the output device 420are combined into a single device, such as a touchscreen. In certainembodiments, the network apparatus 400 may not include any input device415 and/or output device 420.

As depicted, the transceiver 425 includes at least one transmitter 430and at least one receiver 435. Additionally, the transceiver 425 maysupport at least one network interface 440, such as an “N7” interfaceused for communications between a session management function (e.g., theSMF 146) and a policy control function (e.g., the PCF 148), an “N4”interface used for communications between a SMF and a UPF, an “N5”interface used for communications between a PCF and a PMF, and the like.

The processor 405, in one embodiment, may include any known controllercapable of executing computer-readable instructions and/or capable ofperforming logical operations. For example, the processor 405 may be amicrocontroller, a microprocessor, a central processing unit (“CPU”), agraphics processing unit (“GPU”), an auxiliary processing unit, a fieldprogrammable gate array (“FPGA”), or similar programmable controller. Insome embodiments, the processor 405 executes instructions stored in thememory 410 to perform the methods and routines described herein. Theprocessor 405 is communicatively coupled to the memory 410, the inputdevice 415, the output device 420, and the transceiver 425.

Where the network apparatus 400 operates as a PCF, the processor 405receives, from a network function (e.g., from a session managementfunction, such as the SMF 146), a policy request message (e.g., aSession Management (“SM”) Policy Control Create Request message) inresponse to a remote unit requesting a multi-access data connection(e.g., a MA-PDU session) with a mobile communication network over afirst access network (e.g., a 3GPP access network) and a second accessnetwork (e.g., a non-3GPP access network). Here, the policy requestmessage indicates that the remote unit (e.g., the UE 205) supportsaccess network performance measurements.

The processor 405 derives at least one Traffic Steering rule thatcontains an Access Network Performance (“ANP”) parameter. Here, theTraffic Steering rule indicates to which of the first and second accessnetworks the data traffic of the multi-access data connection is to berouted according to a measure value of the ANP parameter. Note that anSMF (e.g., SMF 146 and/or SW′ 230) uses the Traffic Steering rule toform ATSSS rules which are sent to the remote unit (e.g., the remoteunit 105 and/or the UE 205). In various embodiments, the (at least one)ANP parameter may be one of: a throughput on the first access network,an amount of delay on the first access network, a loss rate of the firstaccess network, a throughput on the second access network, an amount ofdelay on the second access network, and a loss rate of the second accessnetwork.

In various embodiments, the processor 405 determines measurementassistance information for the remote unit corresponding to the at leastone Traffic Steering rule that contains an ANP parameter. In someembodiments, the measurement assistance information is in the form ofone or more Measurement Assistance policy rules. In various embodiments,the measurement assistance information may include one or more of: anetwork address of a PMF for measuring the at least one ANP parameter, aport of the PMF for measuring the at least one ANP parameter, an amountof data to transmit for measuring the at least one ANP parameter (e.g.,a maximum number of bytes to transmit during a measurement session), aprotocol for measuring the at least one ANP parameter (e.g., TCP, UDP,etc.), a measurement duration (e.g., a maximum duration or a measurementsession), and a measurement interval (e.g., how frequently the remoteunit is to attempt to initiate a measurement session on a specificaccess network).

The processor 405 controls the transceiver 425 to return to therequesting network function (e.g., the SMF) the at least one TrafficSteering rule that contains an ANP parameter and the correspondingmeasurement assistance information (e.g., in a Measurement Assistancepolicy), in response to the policy request message. In certainembodiments, returning the at least one Traffic Steering rule thatcontains an ANP parameter comprises returning a Measurement Assistancepolicy, the Measurement Assistance policy including one or moreMeasurement Assistance policy rules, each Measurement Assistance policyrule indicating measurement assistance information for an accessnetwork.

In some embodiments, the processor 405 further selects a PMF forcommunicating data used to measure the at least one ANP parameter. Insuch embodiments, the processor 405 also reserves measurement resourcesfor the remote unit at the PMF. In certain embodiments, the measurementresources include part of the measurement assistance information, e.g.the PMF address, port, protocol, etc. Here, the processor 405 alsodetermines measurement assistance information for the remote unit basedon the reserved measurement resources. Note that the PMF may be astandalone function inside the mobile core network (as depicted in FIG.1), outside the mobile core network (e.g., as depicted in FIGS. 2A and2B), or be a function inside the UPF (e.g., as depicted in FIG. 2C).

In some embodiments, the processor 405 further receives at least onemeasured ANP parameter for one of the first access network and secondaccess network from a PMF. In such embodiments, the processor 405forwards the at least one measured ANP parameter to the networkfunction. Here, the mobile communication network uses the at least onemeasured ANP parameter to select one of the first access network andsecond access network for delivering downlink traffic to the remoteunit.

Where the network apparatus 400 operates as a SMF, the processor 405receives, from a network function (e.g., from an AMF, such as the AMF240), a session management request message (e.g., a Create SM ContestRequest message) in response to a remote unit requesting a multi-accessdata connection (e.g., a MA-PDU session) with a mobile communicationnetwork over a first access network (e.g., a 3GPP access network) and asecond access network (e.g., a non-3GPP access network). Here, thesession management request message indicates that the remote unit (e.g.,the UE 205) supports access network performance measurements.

The processor 405 controls the transceiver to send a policy requestmessage (e.g., a SM Policy Control Create Request message) to a PCF, thepolicy request message including indications that the remote unitrequests a multi-access data connection and supports access networkperformance measurements. The processor 405 receives a policy responsemessage (e.g., a SM Policy Control Create Response message) from thePCF, the policy response message including a set of PCC rules thatcontains at least one Traffic Steering rule that contains an AccessNetwork Performance (“ANP”) parameter. Here, the at least one TrafficSteering rule indicates to which of the first and second access networksthe data traffic of the multi-access data connection is to be routedaccording to a measured value of the ANP parameter. The processor 405determines measurement assistance information for the remote unitcorresponding to the at least one Traffic Steering rule that contains anANP parameter. In some embodiments, the measurement assistanceinformation is in the form of one or more Measurement Assistance policyrules. Further, the processor 405 may also derive ATSSS rules for theremote unit and Packet Detection Rules for a user plane function basedon Traffic Steering rules in the PCC rules received from the PCF. Here,the PCC rules contain the at least one Traffic Steering rule thatcontains an ANP parameter. Moreover, the PCC rules may also contain oneor more Traffic Steering rules that do not contain an ANP parameter.Accordingly, the ATSSS rules may include traffic steering rules thatcontain an ANP parameter and traffic steering rules that do not containan ANP parameter.

The processor 405 controls the transceiver 425 to send to the remoteunit an accept message containing steering rules for the remote unit(i.e. ATSSS rules) and the determined measurement assistance information(e.g., in a Measurement Assistance policy), in response to the sessionmanagement request message. In certain embodiments, sending to theremote unit an accept message containing steering rules for the remoteunit (i.e. ATSSS rules) and the determined measurement assistanceinformation includes returning a Measurement Assistance policy, theMeasurement Assistance policy including one or more MeasurementAssistance policy rules, each Measurement Assistance policy ruleindicating measurement assistance information for an access network.

In some embodiments, the processor 405 further selects a PMF forcommunicating data used to measure the at least one ANP parameter. Insuch embodiments, the processor 405 also reserves measurement resourcesfor the remote unit at the PMF.

In some embodiments, the processor 405 further receives at least onemeasured ANP parameter for one of the first access network and secondaccess network from a PMF. In such embodiments, the processor 405forwards the at least one measured ANP parameter to a user planefunction. Here, the mobile communication network uses the at least onemeasured ANP parameter to select one of the first access network andsecond access network for delivering downlink traffic to the remoteunit.

The memory 410, in one embodiment, is a computer readable storagemedium. In some embodiments, the memory 410 includes volatile computerstorage media. For example, the memory 410 may include a RAM, includingdynamic RAM (“DRAM”), synchronous dynamic RAM (“SDRAM”), and/or staticRAM (“SRAM”). In some embodiments, the memory 410 includes non-volatilecomputer storage media. For example, the memory 410 may include a harddisk drive, a flash memory, or any other suitable non-volatile computerstorage device. In some embodiments, the memory 410 includes bothvolatile and non-volatile computer storage media. In some embodiments,the memory 410 stores data relating to measuring ANP parameters for amulti-access data connection, for example storing access measurementpolicies, ATSSS policies, ANP parameters, Traffic Steering rules, andthe like. In certain embodiments, the memory 410 also stores programcode and related data, such as an operating system (“OS”) or othercontroller algorithms operating on the network apparatus 400 and one ormore software applications.

The input device 415, in one embodiment, may include any known computerinput device including a touch panel, a button, a keyboard, a stylus, amicrophone, or the like. In some embodiments, the input device 415 maybe integrated with the output device 420, for example, as a touchscreenor similar touch-sensitive display. In some embodiments, the inputdevice 415 includes a touchscreen such that text may be input using avirtual keyboard displayed on the touchscreen and/or by handwriting onthe touchscreen. In some embodiments, the input device 415 includes twoor more different devices, such as a keyboard and a touch panel.

The output device 420, in one embodiment, may include any knownelectronically controllable display or display device. The output device420 may be designed to output visual, audible, and/or haptic signals. Insome embodiments, the output device 420 includes an electronic displaycapable of outputting visual data to a user. For example, the outputdevice 420 may include, but is not limited to, an LCD display, an LEDdisplay, an OLED display, a projector, or similar display device capableof outputting images, text, or the like to a user. As another,non-limiting, example, the output device 420 may include a wearabledisplay such as a smart watch, smart glasses, a heads-up display, or thelike. Further, the output device 420 may be a component of a smartphone, a personal digital assistant, a television, a table computer, anotebook (laptop) computer, a personal computer, a vehicle dashboard, orthe like.

In certain embodiments, the output device 420 includes one or morespeakers for producing sound. For example, the output device 420 mayproduce an audible alert or notification (e.g., a beep or chime). Insome embodiments, the output device 420 includes one or more hapticdevices for producing vibrations, motion, or other haptic feedback. Insome embodiments, all or portions of the output device 420 may beintegrated with the input device 415. For example, the input device 415and output device 420 may form a touchscreen or similar touch-sensitivedisplay. In other embodiments, all or portions of the output device 420may be located near the input device 415.

The transceiver 425 communicates with one or more network functions of amobile communication network. The transceiver 425 operates under thecontrol of the processor 405 to transmit messages, data, and othersignals and also to receive messages, data, and other signals. Forexample, the processor 405 may selectively activate the transceiver (orportions thereof) at particular times in order to send and receivemessages. The transceiver 425 may include one or more transmitters 430and one or more receivers 435. As discussed above, the transceiver 425may support one or more the network interface 440 for communicating withnetwork functions in a mobile core network.

FIGS. 5A-5C depict a first network procedure 500 for measuring accessnetwork performance parameters of a multi-access data connection,according to embodiments of the disclosure. The first network procedure500 involves the UE 205, 5G RAN 215, N3IWF 135, AMF 240, SMF 230, PCF235, UPF 225, and the PMF 245. In the first network procedure 500, thePCF 235 interacts with the PMF 245 and derives measurement assistanceinformation, as shown in FIG. 2A. The first network procedure 500 beginswith the UE 205 entering the CM-CONNECTED state for both the 5G RAN 215and the Non-3GPP Access Network 220 (see block 502).

The UE 205 requests a MA-PDU session by sending a NAS message (e.g., aUL NAS Transport message) to the AMF 240 including a PDU SessionEstablishment Request. In the depicted embodiment, the UE 205 requeststhe MA-PDU session via the 5G RAN 215 by sending an RRC messagecontaining the UL NAS Transport message (see communication 504) and the5G RAN 215 sends a NGAP UL NAS Transport message to the AMF 240 (seecommunication 506).

The NAS message includes a MA-PDU Request indication, which indicatesthat the request is for the establishment of a multi-access PDU session.Additionally, the NAS message also includes a PMF Supported indication,which indicates that the UE 205 supports Access Measurements by using aperformance measurement function (here, the PMF 245).

Note that in certain embodiments, the UE 205 may send a PMF Supportedindication to the AMF 240 during a Registration procedure. In suchembodiments, the UE 205 would not include the PMF Supported indicationin step 1, because the indication has already been sent to the AMF 240.In such embodiments, the AMF 240 adds the PMF Supported indication tothe UE Context of the UE 205.

Returning to FIG. 5A, the AMF 240 sends a session management (“SM”)request message (here a Create SM Context Request message) to the SMF230 (see communication 508). Note that the SM request message includesthe PMF Supported indication. In situations where the AMF 240 receivedthe PMF Supported indication during a UE registration procedure, the AMF240 includes the PMF Supported indication at every PDU SessionEstablishment request.

The SMF 230 sends a SM response message (here a Create SM ContextResponse message) to the AMF 240 (see communication 510) and forwardsthe PMF Supported indication to PCF 235 when the SMF 230 requests SMpolicy for the PDU session (see communication 512).

The PCF 235 derives the SM policy for the MA-PDU session, which includesTraffic Steering policy that specifies how traffic should be routedbetween the two accesses of the MA-PDU session (see block 514). Whenderiving the Traffic Steering policy, the PCF 235 takes into account theSMF Supported indication received from the SMF 230. If this indicationis received, then the PCF 235 may derive Traffic Steering rules thatdepend on ANP parameters, e.g., rules of the form “Steer traffic ofApp-x to the access with the largest Throughput”. However, if thisindication is not received, then the PCF 235 only derives TrafficSteering rules that do not depend on ANP parameters.

In certain embodiments, the PCF 235 selects a PMF 245 (see block 516)and then requests from the selected PMF 245 to reserve resourcesrequired to support the measurements initiated by the UE 205 (seecommunication 518). In some embodiments, reserving such resourcesincludes instantiating a process in the PMF 245 which awaits for themeasurements requests from the UE 205. In certain cases, the resourcereservation in the PMF 245 may not be required and so the PCF 235 doesnot need to select the PMF 245 and request measurement resourceallocation. In such cases, the PMF 245 does not use dedicatedmeasurement resources for each UE 205, but uses the same measurementresources shared by all UEs 205.

If the PCF 235 derives one or more Traffic Steering rules that depend onANP parameters, then the PCF 235 also derives Measurement AssistancePolicy rules, which assist the UE 205 in conducting ANP measurements.After deriving the Traffic Steering rules and corresponding MeasurementAssistance Policy rules, the PCF 235 sends to the SMF 230 the created SMpolicy for the MA-PDU session, which includes PCC rules containing thederived Traffic Steering rules and the Measurement Assistance Policyrules (see communication 520). Note that the SMF 230 uses the trafficsteering rules in the PCC rules to create an ATSSS policy having one ormore ATSSS rules.

Continuing at FIG. 5B, the SMF 230 initiates the establishment ofuser-plane resources over the non-3GPP access, e.g., as specified in3GPP TS 23.502 and according to the MA-PDU session establishmentprocedure (see block 522). During this step, the UE 205 does not receivea PDU Session Establishment Accept message.

After establishing user-plane resources over the non-3GPP access, theSMF 230 initiates the establishment of user-plane resource over the 3GPPaccess (see block 524). While similar to the establishment of user-planeresources over the non-3GPP access, this step is shown in more detailsbecause in this step the UE receives Measurement Assistance Policyrules. Note that the SMF 230 provides Packet Detection rules to the UPF225 (see communication 526). As described above, the Packet Detectionrules may also refer to specific ANP parameters and are used by the UPF225 to determine how the downlink traffic of the MA-PDU session is to bedistributed across the 3GPP and non-3GPP accesses.

The SMF 230 invokes the N1N2 Message Transfer operation (e.g., theNamf_Communication_N1N2MessageTransfer service operation) to the AMF240, here to establish the user plane resources over 3GPP access for theMA-PDU session (see communication 528). The AMF 240 sends a NAS messageto the UE 205 via the 5G RAN 215, here a DL NAS Transport message (seecommunications 530 and 532). The NAS message includes a PDU SessionEstablishment Accept message, which in turn contains (a) the MeasurementAssistance Policy rules provided by PCF and (b) the ATSSS rules, whichare created by the SMF 230 by using the Traffic Steering rules providedby the PCF 235. Based on the Traffic Steering rules received from PCF235, the SMF 230 also derives the Packet Detection rules which are sentto the UPF 225 (refer to communication 526). The UE 205 sends a PDUsetup response message (see communications 534 and 536) to the AMF 240via the 5G RAN 215 and the AMF 240 updates the SM context with the SMF230 (see communications 538 and 542). Note that the SMF 230 also updatesthe UPF 225 (see communication 540). At this point, the user-planeresources on both accesses have been reserved and, thus, the UE 205 cansend and receive PDU session traffic (i.e. user data) over both the 5GRAN 215 (see communications 544) and the non-3GPP access (via the N3IWF135, see communications 546).

Continuing at FIG. 5C, the UE 205 (possibly before sending any PDUsession traffic) starts a measurement session over 3GPP access (e.g.,the 5G RAN 215, see communication 548) and also starts a measurementsession over non-3GPP access (see communication 554). These measurementsessions may be conducted in parallel and utilize the informationincluded in the Measurement Assistance policy provided to UE 205. Asnoted above, a measurement session may use the iPerf tool for theestimation of the ANP parameters could be used, in which case, the PMF245 would act as an iPerf server and the UE 205 would act as an iPerfclient. In certain embodiments, a dedicated iPerf server function may beinstantiated for each UE 205. In other embodiments, a shared iPerfserver function may be used to serve all UEs 205. Further, the UE 205may use the parameters in the received Measurement Assistance Policyrules to configure the operation of the iPerf client, e.g., to definethe address of the iPerf server, the port of the iPerf server, theprotocol to use, the number of bytes to transmit, etc.

The UE 205 measures the ANP parameters specified in the receivedMeasurement Assistance Policy rules, such as Throughput, Delay, PacketLoss Rate, etc. for both the 3GPP access (see block 550) and thenon-3GPP access (see block 556). Likewise, the PMF 245 measures the sameANP parameters for both the 3GPP access (see block 552) and the non-3GPPaccess (see block 558). Thus, during each measurement session, one ormore ANP parameters are measured by the UE 205 and by the PMF 245 (andboth measure the same values).

Where the PMF 245 is a standalone network function, as depicted in FIG.2A, the PMF 245 must communicate the ANP parameters to the UPF 225 forimplementing the Packet Detection Rules. In the depicted embodiment, thePMF 245 does not have direct access to the UPF 225, thus the PMF 245forwards the values of the measured ANP parameters to the PCF 235, whichvalues are then sent to the UPF 225 via the SMF 230 (see communications560, 562, and 564).

The UE 205 and the UPF 225 now use the same values of the measured ANPparameters to decide how to route the uplink and the downlink trafficrespectively across the two accesses of the MA-PDU session. Thesedecisions are taken by using the ATSSS rules in the UE 205 (see block566) and the Packet Detection rules in the UPF 225 (see block 568). Thefirst network procedure 500 ends.

FIGS. 6A-6B depict a second network procedure 600 for measuring accessnetwork performance parameters of a multi-access data connection,according to embodiments of the disclosure. In the second networkprocedure 600, the SMF 230 interacts with the PMF 245 and derivesmeasurement assistance information, as shown in FIG. 2B. The secondnetwork procedure 600 involves the UE 205, 5G RAN 215, N3IWF 135, AMF240, SMF 230, PCF 235, UPF 225, and the PMF 245. The second networkprocedure 600 begins with the UE 205 entering the CM-CONNECTED state forboth the 5G RAN 215 and the Non-3GPP Access Network 220 (see block 502).

The UE 205 requests the MA-PDU session via the 5G RAN 215 by sending anRRC message containing the UL NAS Transport message (see communication504) and the 5G RAN 215 sends a NGAP UL NAS Transport message to the AMF240 (see communication 506).

The NAS message includes a MA-PDU Request indication, which indicatesthat the request is for the establishment of a multi-access PDU session.Additionally, the NAS message also includes a PMF Supported indication,which indicates that the UE 205 supports Access Measurements by using aperformance measurement function (here, the PMF 245).

The AMF 240 sends a SM request message (here a Create SM Context Requestmessage) to the SMF 230 (see communication 508). Note that the SMrequest message includes the PMF Supported indication. The SMF 230 sendsa SM response message (here a Create SM Context Response message) to theAMF 240 (see communication 510) and forwards the PMF Supportedindication to PCF 235 when the SMF 230 requests SM policy for the PDUsession (see communication 512).

The PCF 235 derives the SM policy for the MA-PDU session, which includesTraffic Steering policy that specifies how traffic should be routedbetween the two accesses of the MA-PDU session (see block 514). Whenderiving the Traffic Steering policy, the PCF 235 takes into account theSMF Supported indication received from the SMF 230. If this indicationis received, then the PCF 235 may derive Traffic Steering rules thatdepend on ANP parameters, e.g., rules of the form “Steer traffic ofApp-x to the access with the largest Throughput”. However, if thisindication is not received, then the PCF 235 only derives TrafficSteering rules that do not depend on ANP parameters.

After deriving the Traffic Steering rules, the PCF 235 sends to the SMF230 the created SM policy for the MA-PDU session, which includes PCCrules containing the derived Traffic Steering rules (see communication605). Note that the SMF 230 uses the traffic steering rules in the PCCrules to create an ATSSS policy having one or more ATSSS rules.

In certain embodiments, the SMF 230 selects a PMF 245 (see block 610)and then requests from the selected PMF 245 to reserve resourcesrequired to support the measurements initiated by the UE 205 (seecommunication 615). In some embodiments, reserving such resourcesincludes instantiating a process in the PMF 245 which awaits for themeasurements requests from the UE 205. In certain cases, the resourcereservation in the PMF 245 may not be required and so the SMF 230 doesnot need to select the PMF 245 and request measurement resourceallocation. In such cases, the PMF 245 does not use dedicatedmeasurement resources for each UE 205, but uses the same measurementresources shared by all UEs 205. If the PCF 235 derives one or moreTraffic Steering rules that contain ANP parameters, then the SMF 230derives Measurement Assistance Policy rules, which assist the UE 205 inconducting ANP measurements (see block 620).

Continuing at FIG. 6B, the SMF 230 initiates the establishment ofuser-plane resources over the non-3GPP access, e.g., as specified in3GPP TS 23.502 and according to the MA-PDU session establishmentprocedure (see block 522). During this step, the UE 205 does not receivea PDU Session Establishment Accept message.

After establishing user-plane resources over the non-3GPP access, theSMF 230 initiates the establishment of user-plane resource over the 3GPPaccess (see block 524). The steps for establishment of user-planeresource over the 3GPP access are described above with reference to FIG.5B. Notable, during establishment of user-plane resource over the 3GPPaccess the UE 205 receives a PDU Session Establishment Accept messageincluding the Traffic Steering rules and Measurement Assistanceinformation (e.g., Traffic Steering Policy and Measurement AssistancePolicy). At this point, the user-plane resources on both accesses havebeen reserved and, thus, the UE 205 can send and receive PDU sessiontraffic (i.e. user data) over both the 5G RAN 215 (see communications544) and the non-3GPP access (via the N3IWF 135, see communications546).

Further, the UE 205 (possibly before sending any PDU session traffic)starts a measurement session over 3GPP access (e.g., the 5G RAN 215, seecommunication 548) and also starts a measurement session over non-3GPPaccess (see communication 554). These measurement sessions may beconducted in parallel and utilize the information included in theMeasurement Assistance policy provided to UE 205.

The UE 205 measures the ANP parameters specified in the receivedMeasurement Assistance Policy rules, such as Throughput, Delay, PacketLoss Rate, etc. for both the 3GPP access (see block 550) and thenon-3GPP access (see block 556). Likewise, the PMF 245 measures the sameANP parameters for both the 3GPP access (see block 552) and the non-3GPPaccess (see block 558). Thus, during each measurement session, one ormore ANP parameters are measured by the UE 205 and by the PMF 245 (andboth measure the same values).

Where the PMF 245 is a standalone network function, as depicted in FIG.2B, the PMF 245 must communicate the ANP parameters to the UPF 225 forimplementing the Packet Detection Rules. In the depicted embodiment, thePMF 245 does not have direct access to the UPF 225, thus the PMF 245forwards the values of the measured ANP parameters to the SMF 230, whichvalues are then sent to the UPF 225 (see communications 625 and 564).

The UE 205 and the UPF 225 now use the same values of the measured ANPparameters to decide how to route the uplink and the downlink trafficrespectively across the two accesses of the MA-PDU session. Thesedecisions are taken by using the ATSSS rules in the UE 205 (see block566) and the Packet Detection rules in the UPF 225 (see block 568). Thesecond network procedure 600 ends.

FIG. 7 depicts a method 700 for measuring access network performanceparameters for a multi-access data connection, according to embodimentsof the disclosure. In some embodiments, the method 700 is performed byan apparatus, such as the remote unit 105, the UE 205, and/or the userequipment apparatus 300. In certain embodiments, the method 700 may beperformed by a processor executing program code, for example, amicrocontroller, a microprocessor, a CPU, a GPU, an auxiliary processingunit, a FPGA, or the like.

The method 700 begins with establishing 705, at the apparatus, amulti-access data connection with a mobile communication network over afirst access network and a second access network. In one embodiment, themulti-access data connection is a MA-PDU session. Here, the first accessnetwork and the second access network may include a 3GPP access network(e.g., a 5G-RAN) and a non-3GPP access network (e.g., a WLAN, such as aWI-FI hotspot).

In certain embodiments, establishing 705 the multi-access dataconnection includes the apparatus transmitting a PDU SessionEstablishment request containing an indication that the apparatussupports access network performance measurements, the multi-access dataconnection being a MA-PDU session. In such embodiments, receivingmeasurement assistance information may include the apparatus receiving aPDU session establishment accept message containing the measurementassistance information.

The method 700 includes receiving 710 measurement assistanceinformation. In certain embodiments, the measurement assistanceinformation includes one or more of: a network address of a PMF forcommunicating data used to measure the at least one ANP parameter, aport of the PMF for measuring the at least one ANP parameter, an amountof data to transmit for measuring the at least one ANP parameter, aprotocol for measuring the at least one ANP parameter, a measurementduration, and a measurement interval.

In certain embodiments, receiving 710 the measurement assistanceinformation includes receiving a Measurement Assistance policy, theMeasurement Assistance policy including one or more rules, each ruleindicating measurement assistance information for an access network.

The method 700 includes measuring 715, at the apparatus, at least oneANP parameter using the measurement assistance information. In certainembodiments, measuring 715 the ANP parameter includes determiningwhether a transmission buffer associated with one of the first accessnetwork and the second access network is empty, wherein measuring 715the at least one ANP parameter over one of the first access network andthe second access network occurs in response to the correspondingtransmission buffer being empty. In certain embodiments, thetransmission buffer corresponds to one of the first access network andthe second access network. In such embodiments, measuring 715 the atleast one ANP parameter may include measuring the at least one ANPparameter for the corresponding one of the first access network and thesecond access network.

In some embodiments, measuring 715 the ANP parameter includes detectingdata to be sent on the first access network of the multi-access dataconnection and suspending measurement of at least one ANP parameter onthe first access network in response to detecting data to be sent on thefirst access network of the multi-access data connection. In otherembodiments, measuring 715 the ANP parameter includes detecting data tobe sent on the second access network of the multi-access data connectionand suspending measurement of at least one ANP parameter on the secondaccess network in response to detecting data to be sent on the firstaccess network of the multi-access data connection. In variousembodiments, the at least one ANP parameter comprises at least one of: athroughput on the first access network, an amount of delay on the firstaccess network, a loss rate of the first access network, a throughput onthe second access network, an amount of delay on the second accessnetwork, and a loss rate of the second access network.

The method 700 includes applying 720, at the apparatus, a trafficsteering rule to uplink data traffic, the traffic steering ruleindicating to which of the first and second access networks the uplinkdata traffic is to be routed based on the measured at least one ANPparameter. In further embodiments, applying 720 includes receiving a setof traffic steering rules from the mobile communication network, the setof traffic steering rules including a particular ANP parameter. In suchembodiments, measuring 715 the at least one ANP parameter may includemeasuring only the particular ANP parameter. The method 700 ends.

FIG. 8 depicts a method 800 for measuring access network performanceparameters for a multi-access data connection, according to embodimentsof the disclosure. In some embodiments, the method 800 is performed byan apparatus, such as the PCF 148, the PCF 235, and/or the networkapparatus 400. In certain embodiments, the method 800 may be performedby a processor executing program code, for example, a microcontroller, amicroprocessor, a CPU, a GPU, an auxiliary processing unit, a FPGA, orthe like.

The method 800 begins with receiving 805, from a network function, apolicy request message in response to a remote unit requesting amulti-access data connection with a mobile communication network, thepolicy request message indicating the remote unit supports accessnetwork performance measurements. Here, the remote unit requests that amulti-access data connection be established over a first access networkand a second access network. In various embodiments, the policy requestmessage is received from a session management function, such as the SMF.

The method 800 includes deriving 810 at least one traffic steering rulethat contains an ANP parameter, the traffic steering rule indicating towhich of the first and second access networks data traffic of themulti-access data connection is to be routed according to a measurevalue of the ANP parameter. In various embodiments, the at least one ANPparameter comprises at least one of: a throughput on the first accessnetwork, an amount of delay on the first access network, a loss rate ofthe first access network, a throughput on the second access network, anamount of delay on the second access network, and a loss rate of thesecond access network.

The method 800 includes determining 815 measurement assistanceinformation for the remote unit in response to the at least one trafficsteering rule that contains an ANP parameter. In various embodiments ofthe second method, the measurement assistance information comprises oneor more of: a network address of a PMF for measuring the at least oneANP parameter, a port of the PMF for measuring the at least one ANPparameter, an amount of data to transmit for measuring the at least oneANP parameter, a protocol for measuring the at least one ANP parameter,a measurement duration, and a measurement interval. In some embodiments,the apparatus selects a PMF for communicating data used to measure theat least one ANP parameter, reserves measurement resources for theremote unit at the PMF, and determines measurement assistanceinformation for the remote unit based on the reserved measurementresources.

The method 800 includes returning 820 the at least one traffic steeringrule that contains an ANP parameter and the measurement assistanceinformation in response to the policy request message. In certainembodiments, returning 820 the at least one traffic steering rule thatcontains an ANP parameter comprises returning a Measurement Assistancepolicy, the Measurement Assistance policy including one or more accessmeasurement rules, each access measurement rule indicating measurementassistance information for an access network. The method 800 ends.

Disclosed herein is a first apparatus for measuring access networkperformance (“ANP”) parameters for a multi-access data connection,according to embodiments of the disclosure. The first apparatus may beimplemented by a user device, such as the remote unit 105, the UE 205,and/or the user equipment apparatus 300, described above. In variousembodiments, the first apparatus includes a processor, a firsttransceiver that communicates with a mobile communication network via afirst access network, and a second transceiver that communicates withthe mobile communication network via a second access network. Theprocessor establishes a multi-access data connection, for example aMA-PDU, with a mobile communication network over the first accessnetwork and the second access network. The processor receivesmeasurement assistance information. The processor measures at least oneANP parameter using the measurement assistance information. Theprocessor also applies a traffic steering rule to uplink data traffic.Here, the traffic steering rule indicates to which of the first andsecond access networks the uplink data traffic is to be routed based onthe measured at least one ANP parameter.

In certain embodiments of the first apparatus, establishing themulti-access data connection includes transmitting a PDU sessionestablishment request containing an indication that the remote unitsupports access network performance measurements, the multi-access dataconnection being a MA-PDU session. In such embodiments, receivingmeasurement assistance information may include the remote unit receivinga PDU session establishment accept message containing the measurementassistance information.

In some embodiments of the first apparatus, the processor transmits anindication that the remote unit supports access network performancemeasurements, said transmission included in a registration procedurewith the mobile communication network.

In various embodiments of the first apparatus, the measurementassistance information includes one or more of: a network address of aPMF for communicating data used to measure the at least one ANPparameter, a port of the PMF for measuring the at least one ANPparameter, an amount of data to transmit for measuring the at least oneANP parameter, a protocol for measuring the at least one ANP parameter,a measurement duration, and a measurement interval.

In certain embodiments of the first apparatus, receiving the measurementassistance information includes receiving a Measurement Assistancepolicy. In such embodiments, the Measurement Assistance policy includesone or more rules, each rule indicating measurement assistanceinformation for an access network.

In some embodiments of the first apparatus, the processor receives a setof traffic steering rules from the mobile communication network, the setof traffic steering rules including a particular ANP parameter. In suchembodiments, measuring the at least one ANP parameter includes measuringonly the particular ANP parameter.

In some embodiments, the first apparatus further includes a firsttransmission buffer associated with one of the first access network anda second transmission buffer associated with the second access network.In such embodiments, measuring the at least one ANP parameter comprisesmeasuring the at least one ANP parameter over one of the first accessnetwork and the second access network in response to the correspondingtransmission buffer being empty.

In some embodiments of the first apparatus, the processor detects datato be sent on the first access network of the multi-access dataconnection. In such embodiments, the processor may suspend measurementof the at least one ANP parameter on the first access network inresponse to detecting data to be sent on the first access network of themulti-access data connection. In other embodiments of the firstapparatus, the processor may detect data to be sent on the second accessnetwork of the multi-access data connection. In such embodiments, theprocessor may suspend measurement of the at least one ANP parameter onthe second access network in response to detecting data to be sent onthe second access network of the multi-access data connection.

In various embodiments of the first apparatus, the at least one ANPparameter comprises at least one of: a throughput on the first accessnetwork, an amount of delay on the first access network, a loss rate ofthe first access network, a throughput on the second access network, anamount of delay on the second access network, and a loss rate of thesecond access network.

Disclosed herein is a first method for measuring ANP parameters for amulti-access data connection, according to embodiments of thedisclosure. The first method may be performed by a user device, such asthe remote unit 105, the UE 205, and/or the user equipment apparatus300, described above. In various embodiments, the first method formeasuring ANP parameters for a multi-access data connection, the firstmethod includes establishing, at a remote unit, a multi-access dataconnection with a mobile communication network over a first accessnetwork and a second access network. The first method includes receivingmeasurement assistance information. The first method includes measuring,at the remote unit, at least one ANP parameter using the measurementassistance information. The first method also includes applying, at theremote unit, a traffic steering rule to uplink data traffic. Here, thetraffic steering rule indicates to which of the first and second accessnetworks the uplink data traffic is to be routed based on the measuredat least one ANP parameter.

In certain embodiments of the first method, establishing themulti-access data connection includes the remote unit transmitting a PDUsession establishment request containing an indication that the remoteunit supports access network performance measurements, the multi-accessdata connection being a MA-PDU session. In such embodiments, receivingmeasurement assistance information may include the remote unit receivinga PDU session establishment accept message containing the measurementassistance information.

In some embodiments, the first method further includes transmitting anindication that the remote unit supports access network performancemeasurements, said transmission included in a registration procedurewith the mobile communication network.

In certain embodiments of the first method, the measurement assistanceinformation includes one or more of: a network address of a PMF forcommunicating data used to measure the at least one ANP parameter, aport of the PMF for measuring the at least one ANP parameter, an amountof data to transmit for measuring the at least one ANP parameter, aprotocol for measuring the at least one ANP parameter, a measurementduration, and a measurement interval.

In certain embodiments of the first method, receiving the measurementassistance information includes receiving a Measurement Assistancepolicy, the Measurement Assistance policy including one or more rules,each rule indicating measurement assistance information for an accessnetwork.

In some embodiments, the first method further includes receiving a setof traffic steering rules from the mobile communication network, the setof traffic steering rules including a particular ANP parameter. In suchembodiments, measuring the at least one ANP parameter may includemeasuring only the particular ANP parameter.

In certain embodiments of the first method, determining whether atransmission buffer associated with one of the first access network andthe second access network is empty, wherein measuring the at least oneANP parameter over an access network occurs in response to thecorresponding transmission buffer being empty. In certain embodiments ofthe first method, the transmission buffer corresponds to one of thefirst access network and the second access network. In such embodiments,measuring the at least one ANP parameter may include measuring the atleast one ANP parameter for the corresponding one of the first accessnetwork and the second access network.

In some embodiments, the first method further includes detecting data tobe sent on the first access network of the multi-access data connectionand suspending measurement of the at least one ANP parameter on thefirst access network in response to detecting data to be sent on thefirst access network of the multi-access data connection. In otherembodiments, the first method further includes detecting data to be senton the second access network of the multi-access data connection andsuspending measurement of the at least one ANP parameter on the secondaccess network in response to detecting data to be sent on the secondaccess network of the multi-access data connection.

In various embodiments of the first apparatus, the at least one ANPparameter comprises at least one of: a throughput on the first accessnetwork, an amount of delay on the first access network, a loss rate ofthe first access network, a throughput on the second access network, anamount of delay on the second access network, and a loss rate of thesecond access network.

Disclosed herein is a second apparatus for measuring ANP parameters fora multi-access data connection, according to embodiments of thedisclosure. The second apparatus may be implemented by a policyfunction, such as the PCF 148, the PCF 235, and/or the network apparatus400, described above. In various embodiments, the second apparatusincludes a processor and a transceiver that communicates with one ormore functions in a mobile communication network. The processorreceives, from a network function, a policy request message in responseto a remote unit requesting a multi-access data connection with a mobilecommunication network over a first access network and a second accessnetwork. Here, the policy request message indicates that the remote unitsupports access network performance measurements. The processor derivesat least one traffic steering rule that contains at least one ANPparameter. Here, the traffic steering rule indicates to which of thefirst and second access networks data traffic of the multi-access dataconnection is to be routed according to a measure value of an ANPparameter. The processor determines measurement assistance informationfor the remote unit in response to the at least one traffic steeringrule that contains an ANP parameter. The processor also returns the atleast one traffic steering rule that contains the at least one ANPparameter and the measurement assistance information in response to thepolicy request message.

In various embodiments of the second apparatus, the measurementassistance information comprises one or more of: a network address of aPMF for measuring the at least one ANP parameter, a port of the PMF formeasuring the at least one ANP parameter, an amount of data to transmitfor measuring the at least one ANP parameter, a protocol for measuringthe at least one ANP parameter, a measurement duration, and ameasurement interval.

In certain embodiments of the second apparatus, returning the at leastone traffic steering rule that contains an ANP parameter comprisesreturning a Measurement Assistance policy, the Measurement Assistancepolicy including one or more access measurement rules, each accessmeasurement rule indicating measurement assistance information for anaccess network.

In some embodiments of the second apparatus, the processor furtherselects a PMF for communicating data used to measure the at least oneANP parameter. In such embodiments, the processor reserves measurementresources for the remote unit at the PMF and determines measurementassistance information for the remote unit based on the reservedmeasurement resources.

In some embodiments of the second apparatus, the processor furtherreceives at least one measured ANP parameter for one of the first accessnetwork and second access network from a PMF. In such embodiments, theprocessor forwards the at least one measured ANP parameter to thenetwork function. Here, the mobile communication network uses the atleast one measured ANP parameter to select one of the first accessnetwork and second access network for delivering downlink traffic to theremote unit.

In various embodiments of the second apparatus, the at least one ANPparameter comprises at least one of: a throughput on the first accessnetwork, an amount of delay on the first access network, a loss rate ofthe first access network, a throughput on the second access network, anamount of delay on the second access network, and a loss rate of thesecond access network.

Disclosed herein is a second method for measuring ANP parameters for amulti-access data connection, according to embodiments of thedisclosure. The second method may be performed by a policy function,such as the PCF 148, the PCF 235, and/or the network apparatus 400,described above. In various embodiments, the second method that includesreceiving, from a network function, a policy request message in responseto a remote unit requesting a multi-access data connection with a mobilecommunication network over a first access network and a second accessnetwork, the policy request message indicating the remote unit supportsaccess network performance measurements. The second method includesderiving at least one traffic steering rule that contains at least oneANP parameter, the traffic steering rule indicating to which of thefirst and second access networks data traffic of the multi-access dataconnection is to be routed according to a measure value of an ANPparameter. The second method includes determining measurement assistanceinformation for the remote unit in response to the at least one trafficsteering rule that contains an ANP parameter. The second method alsoincludes returning the at least one traffic steering rule that containsthe at least one ANP parameter and the measurement assistanceinformation in response to the policy request message.

In various embodiments of the second method, the measurement assistanceinformation comprises one or more of: a network address of a PMF formeasuring the at least one ANP parameter, a port of the PMF formeasuring the at least one ANP parameter, an amount of data to transmitfor measuring the at least one ANP parameter, a protocol for measuringthe at least one ANP parameter, a measurement duration, and ameasurement interval.

In certain embodiments of the second method, returning the at least onetraffic steering rule that contains an ANP parameter comprises returninga Measurement Assistance policy, the Measurement Assistance policyincluding one or more access measurement rules, each access measurementrule indicating measurement assistance information for an accessnetwork.

In some embodiments, the second method further includes selecting a PMFfor communicating data used to measure the at least one ANP parameter,reserving measurement resources for the remote unit at the PMF, anddetermining measurement assistance information for the remote unit basedon the reserved measurement resources.

In some embodiments, the second method further includes receiving atleast one measured ANP parameter for one of the first access network andsecond access network from a PMF and forwarding the at least onemeasured ANP parameter to the network function, wherein the mobilecommunication network uses the at least one measured ANP parameter toselect one of the first access network and second access network fordelivering downlink traffic to the remote unit.

In various embodiments of the second method, the at least one ANPparameter comprises at least one of: a throughput on the first accessnetwork, an amount of delay on the first access network, a loss rate ofthe first access network, a throughput on the second access network, anamount of delay on the second access network, and a loss rate of thesecond access network.

Disclosed herein is a third apparatus for measuring ANP parameters for amulti-access data connection, according to embodiments of thedisclosure. The third apparatus may be implemented by a sessionmanagement function, such as the SMF 146, the SMF 230, and/or thenetwork apparatus 400, described above. In various embodiments, thethird apparatus includes a processor and a transceiver that communicateswith one or more functions in a mobile communication network. Theprocessor receives, from a network function, a session managementrequest message in response to a remote unit requesting a multi-accessdata connection with a mobile communication network over a first accessnetwork and a second access network, the session management requestmessage indicating the remote unit supports access network performancemeasurements. The processor receives at least one traffic steering rulethat contains at least one ANP parameter, the traffic steering ruleindicating to which of the first and second access networks data trafficof the multi-access data connection is to be routed according to ameasure value of an ANP parameter. The processor determines measurementassistance information for the remote unit in response to the at leastone traffic steering rule that contains the at least one ANP parameter.The transceiver also sends, to the remote unit, an accept messagecontaining steering rules for the remote unit (i.e. ATSSS rules) and thedetermined measurement assistance information, in response to thesession management request message.

In various embodiments of the third apparatus, the measurementassistance information comprises one or more of: a network address of aPMF for measuring the at least one ANP parameter, a port of the PMF formeasuring the at least one ANP parameter, an amount of data to transmitfor measuring the at least one ANP parameter, a protocol for measuringthe at least one ANP parameter, a measurement duration, and ameasurement interval.

In certain embodiments of the third apparatus, sending to the remoteunit an accept message containing steering rules for the remote unit(i.e. ATSSS rules) and the determined measurement assistance informationincludes sending a Measurement Assistance policy. Here, the MeasurementAssistance policy includes one or more access measurement rules, eachaccess measurement rule indicating measurement assistance informationfor an access network.

In some embodiments of the third apparatus, the processor further:selects a PMF for communicating data used to measure the at least oneANP parameter, reserves measurement resources for the remote unit at thePMF, and determines measurement assistance information for the remoteunit based on the reserved measurement resources.

In some embodiments of the third apparatus, the processor furtherreceives at least one measured ANP parameter for one of the first accessnetwork and second access network from a PMF and forwards the at leastone measured ANP parameter to a user plane function. In suchembodiments, the mobile communication network uses the at least onemeasured ANP parameter to select one of the first access network andsecond access network for delivering downlink traffic to the remoteunit.

In various embodiments of the third apparatus, the at least one ANPparameter comprises at least one of: a throughput on the first accessnetwork, an amount of delay on the first access network, a loss rate ofthe first access network, a throughput on the second access network, anamount of delay on the second access network, and a loss rate of thesecond access network.

Disclosed herein is a third method for measuring ANP parameters for amulti-access data connection, according to embodiments of thedisclosure. The third method may be performed by a session managementfunction, such as the SMF 146, the SMF 230, and/or the network apparatus400, described above. In various embodiments, the third method thatincludes receiving, from a network function, a session managementrequest message in response to a remote unit requesting a multi-accessdata connection with a mobile communication network over a first accessnetwork and a second access network, the session management requestmessage indicating the remote unit supports access network performancemeasurements. The third method includes receiving at least one trafficsteering rule that contains at least one ANP parameter, the trafficsteering rule indicating to which of the first and second accessnetworks data traffic of the multi-access data connection is to berouted according to a measure value of an ANP parameter. The thirdmethod includes determining measurement assistance information for theremote unit in response to the at least one traffic steering rule thatcontains the at least one ANP parameter. The third method also includessending to the remote unit an accept message containing steering rulesfor the remote unit (i.e. ATSSS rules) and the determined measurementassistance information, in response to the session management requestmessage.

In various embodiments of the third method, the measurement assistanceinformation comprises one or more of: a network address of a PMF formeasuring the at least one ANP parameter, a port of the PMF formeasuring the at least one ANP parameter, an amount of data to transmitfor measuring the at least one ANP parameter, a protocol for measuringthe at least one ANP parameter, a measurement duration, and ameasurement interval.

In certain embodiments of the third method, sending to the remote unitan accept message containing steering rules for the remote unit (i.e.ATSSS rules) and the determined measurement assistance informationcomprises sending a Measurement Assistance policy, the MeasurementAssistance policy including one or more access measurement rules, eachaccess measurement rule indicating measurement assistance informationfor an access network.

In some embodiments, the third method further includes selecting a PMFfor communicating data used to measure the at least one ANP parameter,reserving measurement resources for the remote unit at the PMF, anddetermining measurement assistance information for the remote unit basedon the reserved measurement resources.

In some embodiments, the third method further includes receiving atleast one measured ANP parameter for one of the first access network andsecond access network from a PMF and forwarding the at least onemeasured ANP parameter to a user plane function, wherein the mobilecommunication network uses the at least one measured ANP parameter toselect one of the first access network and second access network fordelivering downlink traffic to the remote unit.

In various embodiments of the third method, the at least one ANPparameter comprises at least one of: a throughput on the first accessnetwork, an amount of delay on the first access network, a loss rate ofthe first access network, a throughput on the second access network, anamount of delay on the second access network, and a loss rate of thesecond access network.

Embodiments may be practiced in other specific forms. The describedembodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrativeand not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicatedby the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. Allchanges which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of theclaims are to be embraced within their scope.

1. An apparatus comprising: a transceiver configured to communicate withone or more functions in a mobile communication network; and a processorcoupled to the transceiver, the processor configured to cause theapparatus to: receive a first set of traffic steering rules for datatraffic of a multiaccess data connection of a remote unit, at least onetraffic steering rule of the first set containing at least one accessnetwork performance (“ANP”) parameter, wherein the at least one trafficsteering rule indicates to which of a first access network or a secondaccess network the data traffic of the multiaccess data connection is tobe routed according to a value of the ANP parameter; determinemeasurement assistance information corresponding to the at least one ANPparameter; and send, to the remote unit, a message containing a secondset of traffic steering rules for the remote unit and the measurementassistance information.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein theprocessor is further configured to cause the apparatus to receive asession management request message indicating that the remote unitsupports ANP measurements.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein theprocessor is further configured to cause the apparatus to: select a userplane function comprising a performance measurement function (“PMF”) forcommunicating data used to measure the at least one ANP parameter;reserve measurement resources for the remote unit at the user planefunction; and determine measurement assistance information for theremote unit based on the reserved measurement resources.
 4. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured tocause the apparatus to: receive, from a user plane function comprising aperformance measurement function (“PMF”), at least one measured ANPparameter for downlink traffic delivery, the at least one measured ANPparameter corresponding to the first access network or the second accessnetwork; and forward the at least one measured ANP parameter to the userplane function.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the measurementassistance information comprises: a network address of a user planefunction comprising a performance measurement function (“PMF”) forcommunicating data used to measure the at least one ANP parameter, aport of the PMF for measuring the at least one ANP parameter, an amountof data to transmit for measuring the at least one ANP parameter, aprotocol for measuring the at least one ANP parameter, a measurementduration, a measurement interval, or combinations thereof.
 6. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one ANP parameter comprises:a throughput on the first access network, an amount of delay on thefirst access network, a loss rate of the first access network, athroughput on the second access network, an amount of delay on thesecond access network, a loss rate of the second access network, orcombinations thereof.
 7. A method comprising: receiving a first set oftraffic steering rules for data traffic of a multiaccess data connectionof a remote unit, at least one traffic steering rule of the first setcontaining at least one access network performance (“ANP”) parameter,wherein the at least one traffic steering rule indicates to which of afirst access network or a second access network the data traffic of themultiaccess data connection is to be routed according to a value of theANP parameter; determining measurement assistance informationcorresponding to the at least one ANP parameter; and sending, to theremote unit, a message containing a second set of traffic steering rulesfor the remote unit and the measurement assistance information.
 8. Themethod of claim 7, further comprising receiving a session managementrequest message indicating that the remote unit supports ANPmeasurements.
 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising: selecting auser plane function comprising a performance measurement function(“PMF”) for communicating data used to measure the at least one ANPparameter; reserving measurement resources for the remote unit at thePMF; and determining measurement assistance information for the remoteunit based on the reserved measurement resources.
 10. The method ofclaim 7, further comprising: receiving, from a user plane functioncomprising a performance measurement function (“PMF”), at least onemeasured ANP parameter for downlink traffic delivery, the at least onemeasured ANP parameter corresponding to the first access network or thesecond access network; and forwarding the at least one measured ANPparameter to the user plane function.
 11. The method of claim 7, whereinthe measurement assistance information comprises: a network address of auser plane function comprising a performance measurement function(“PMF”) for communicating data used to measure the at least one ANPparameter, a port of the PMF for measuring the at least one ANPparameter, an amount of data to transmit for measuring the at least oneANP parameter, a protocol for measuring the at least one ANP parameter,a measurement duration, a measurement interval, or combinations thereof.12. The method of claim 7, wherein the at least one ANP parametercomprises: a throughput on the first access network, an amount of delayon the first access network, a loss rate of the first access network, athroughput on the second access network, an amount of delay on thesecond access network, a loss rate of the second access network, orcombinations thereof.
 13. An apparatus comprising: a transceiverconfigured to communicate with a mobile communication network; and aprocessor coupled to the transceiver, the processor configured to causethe apparatus to: establish a multi-access data connection with themobile communication network over a first access network and a secondaccess network; receive measurement assistance information; measure atleast one access network performance (“ANP”) parameter using themeasurement assistance information; and apply a traffic steering rule touplink data traffic, the traffic steering rule indicating to which ofthe first and second access networks the uplink data traffic is to berouted based on the measured at least one ANP parameter.
 14. Theapparatus of claim 13, wherein, to establish the multi-access dataconnection, the processor is configured to cause the apparatus totransmit a Protocol Data Unit (“PDU”) session establishment requestcontaining an indication that the apparatus supports access networkperformance measurements, wherein the multi-access data connection is aMulti-Access PDU (“MA-PDU”) session, and wherein, to receive themeasurement assistance information, the processor is configured to causethe apparatus to receive a PDU session establishment accept messagecontaining the measurement assistance information.
 15. The apparatus ofclaim 13, wherein the processor is configured to cause the apparatus totransmit, during a registration procedure with the mobile communicationnetwork, an indication that the apparatus supports access networkperformance measurements.
 16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein themeasurement assistance information comprises: a network address of auser plane function comprising a performance measurement function(“PMF”) for communicating data used to measure the at least one ANPparameter, a port of the PMF for measuring the at least one ANPparameter, an amount of data to transmit for measuring the at least oneANP parameter, a protocol for measuring the at least one ANP parameter,a measurement duration, a measurement interval, or combinations thereof.17. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein, to receive the measurementassistance information, the processor is configured to cause theapparatus to receive a Measurement Assistance policy comprising one ormore rules, each rule indicating measurement assistance information foran access network.
 18. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the processoris configured to cause the apparatus to receive a set of trafficsteering rules from the mobile communication network, the set of trafficsteering rules including a particular ANP parameter, wherein, to measurethe at least one ANP parameter, the processor is configured to cause theapparatus to measure only the particular ANP parameter.
 19. Theapparatus of claim 13, further comprising a first transmission bufferassociated with the first access network and a second transmissionbuffer associated with the second access network, wherein, in responseto the corresponding transmission buffer being empty, the processor isconfigured to cause the apparatus to measure the at least one ANPparameter over the first access network or the second access network.20. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the at least one ANP parametercomprises: a throughput on the first access network, an amount of delayon the first access network, a loss rate of the first access network, athroughput on the second access network, an amount of delay on thesecond access network, a loss rate of the second access network, orcombinations thereof.